So I decided to take a deep dive into what it is, where it comes from, how it’s mined, its environmental impact, and what we can do to make it greener. And don’t worry — no geology degree is needed.
What is lithium?
Lithium is a naturally occurring substance found in ionic minerals such as petalite, lepidolite, and spodumene. These minerals occur primarily in two places: rock formations, or underground brine reservoirs.
What is lithium used for?
Lithium is most known as an ingredient in rechargeable batteries. These include those that power medical devices, mobile phones, computers, power tools, and far more besides. It is also found in hybrid and all-electric cars, buses, ferries, drones and, occasionally, airplane batteries. According to IHS Markit, in 2000, about 9% of lithium produced was used for batteries. By 2020, this share rose to 66%, and it’s forecasted to reach over 90% by 2030. For some context, a fully electric vehicle (such as a Tesla Model S) contains an estimated 63kg of lithium.
Where does lithium come from?
According to the US Geological Survey data, Australia is the biggest miner of lithium, with the majority coming from hard rock ores located at The Greenbushes Projects. This is the world’s largest single lithium reserve. Following that is what’s known as the “Lithium Triangle of South America” — made up of Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. The region hosts more lithium than Australia, but mines less. It benefits from geological conditions that create lithium-rich salt flats. One of the primary extraction sources is in the Salar de Atacama (Chile), immersed in the Atacama Desert (the driest in the world). Another is the Salar del Hombre Muerto salt flat in Argentina. Third on the list is China, with most of the country’s lithium coming from the Chang Tang plain in western Tibet. However, China is lagging behind in extraction, as the nation imports a lot of lithium from Australia. Lithium mining also occurs to a lesser extent in various places, including North America, Africa, and Portugal.
How is it mined?
There are two main ways depending on where the source of lithium is. Rock mining: In rock mining, solid rock is drilled and blasted, then crushed. Following that, the lithium is separated from the rest of the rock using chemicals and heat. This is the most common form of mining in Australia and the US. Salt extraction: In salt extraction, lithium comes from underground reservoirs in lakes where salty water is pumped into a series of shallow ponds and left to evaporate for 12 to 18 months. This is then subject to several chemical treatments to leave behind the “white gold” lithium. South America, China, and Africa favor the salt extraction method.
But unfortunately, there are downsides:
Mining from salt mines is water-intensive. It takes 8 million liters (500,000 gallons) of water to produce one-ton of lithium. According to the Institute of Energy Research, mining companies in Chile’s Salar de Atacama, one of the driest places on earth, use 65% of the region’s water. Removing the brine lowers the water table, threatening supplies needed for drinking and irrigation. Lithium mining uses toxic chemicals which can contaminate streams, crops, local ecosystems and wildlife. The isolated locations can be home to endangered flora, like the rare desert wildflower Tiehm’s buckwheat in the Silver Peak, Nevada. Mining operations in Salar de Atacama are linked to the decline of two threatened flamingo species residing in the basin. There is also what researchers call “the colonial shadow of green electromobility,” which is the impact lithium mining has on the local environment and inhabitants in Latin America. They assert that lithium mining replicates the historical inequalities between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, especially impacting indigenous Andean territories.
Is there a greener way?
Fortunately, yes. Two prominent players in the efforts to green lithium mining are Australian startup Vulcan, working in Southern Germany, and Cornish Lithium in the UK. Both are working to extract lithium in the respective regions’ deep thermal waters with a net-zero carbon footprint. The process draws on naturally occurring, renewable geothermal energy to power the lithium extraction renewable energy by-product. Deeper waters are significantly hotter than at a shallower depth. This creates the potential for the use of geothermal waters to produce zero-carbon electricity as well as heat. This electricity could power a lithium extraction planet extract lithium from the same waters. For example, Cornish Lithium is planning to directly extract the lithium from the fluids in a processing plant that’ll have a footprint the size of a supermarket or medium-sized industrial unit. It’s not all plain sailing though, as both companies are still in the early stages of exploration. It’s also unclear whether the methodology would scale to other current lithium mining regions — but at least it’s a step in the right direction. Electric batteries will be a valuable source of energy in the next few decades. The challenge is to make their ingredients sustainable, but also ensure that currently circulating lithium experiences a full lifecycle and is recycled in a way that doesn’t adversely impact the planet. Lithium-ion batteries aren’t going away any time soon, and we can expect to see further R&D in their chemistry, utility, and after-life impact. Let’s just hope it’s not too little too late.
